I had a wonderful time working at the Free Software Foundation this summer, but it is time for me to return to Hampshire College as my internship comes to a close. It was great working closely with the FSF staff and I have learned a great deal. I spent the majority of my time working on LibrePlanet and defectivebydesign.org.. My internship was overall productive but unfortunately there is one project that I really wanted to get up and running that was not realized. Even though my internship is ending, this will not be the end of my involvement in the free software community and I am hoping to get it started in the near future.

The project is the creation of a web page that explains free software to people who have never heard of it, or are just learning about it. There should be a place on fsf.org or gnu.org, where someone who is new to free software can be shown key concepts in a non-technical, direct, fun way. It is extremely important for us to reach out to more people, and I think this website is a great way to start.

The website should be very user-friendly and have very short explanations of the most important concepts that one needs to know in order to understand free software. I'm hoping that you, the free software community, will help me with the creation of this "Introducing Free Software" website. I've made a wiki page on LibrePlanet that I hope you will use by contributuing ideas you have for the site. Perhaps you could share the most successful ways you have been able to explain free software to people. Please e-mail me at campaigns@fsf.org if you would like to volunteer some of your time to make this website a reality. I can't wait to work with the community on the creation of this site and I hope I will see some of you at Software Freedom Day in Boston on September 19th.

by Kelly Hopkins
Directory Maintainer

Are you? Chances are, if you spend any time hacking, new code is always a useful thing. Well, we're here to help you out. For those of you who don't know, the Free Software Directory is updated almost daily with fresh new code just for you. Here's the thing, sometimes we have people who send us projects, sometimes companies with shiny new toys send us their stuff, and sometimes we go looking for code to fill a specific niche that we think needs to be beefed up.

As it so happens, we've just passed 6,000 active programs in our Directory. That's a lot of code, a lot of work, and a whole lot of resources for the free software public. So, we're putting it out there to you, the consumers, the hackers, and the brains behind much of what is already in there, to help us out in racing past that number and right on to 7,000.

(If you'd like to, take a look at program number 6,000.)

And why is the Free Software Directory special? Good question. Each and every project that we list is individually vetted and checked before listing. We check every license, we look for binary-only blobs, and we make sure that nothing nasty is hiding in the code that we put up there. In short, we take the time to post the cleanest and most interesting code we can find for you to hack on.

What's missing from the Directory? Do you have some fantastic new free project you've been working on that should be in the Directory but isn't? Have you been too shy to send us something but just need that final push to submit it? Well, here's your chance. Here are the details on how to submit your program. You can email us at our new easier to remember email address, directory@fsf.org, which will appear shortly on the Web site.

You can even offer to volunteer to help out with program processing and other tasks if you have the time and the patience. As you may know, volunteers are the lifeblood of the FSF, and the more volunteers we have for the Directory the more code there will be for everyone. If you want to know more just send us an email, and we'll get right back to you.

So send us your best and we'll see if you've got what it takes to make it into the Directory and, more than likely, the hacking hands of millions of free software users worldwide.

Happy Hacking!

Here's some great video by Dana Moser of the launch of the Windows 7 Sins campaign in the Boston Common, hosted in Ogg Theora format using the video tag of course! (Direct download, smaller download)

The event featured a giant trashcan in the Boston Common with (symbolic) boxes of proprietary software that people could throw into it.

More video from the event coming soon, so stay tuned.

Introduction:

Ogg Theora is becoming a big deal, and that's exactly what we hoped for when we launched the PlayOgg campaign in May 2007. The free, patent-unencumbered video codec now works in over 24% of the world's web browsers with no plugins required. The latest 1.1 release of the Theora encoder is coming out any day now. And when it does, the huge improvements in quality and functionality made over the past year with support from Wikimedia and others will percolate out into the major GNU/Linux distributions, arriving at the fingertips of those who build and maintain the world's biggest video sites. Most of all, people are excited, releasing new tools that make the Theora easier to use, as well as jaw-dropping demos of what free formats and web standards can do.

I'm freshly arrived from Berlin, where FLOSSManuals just hosted a book sprint on everything Theora, from politics to playback, encoding, hosting and even streaming--all using free software and web standards. The main goal of the trip was to get an idea of where Theora is at: what's working well, what's still difficult, and the best ways to push adoption forward (both by organizing people and by making easier-to-use tools). Overall, I think we're close to something that can work for large numbers of people watching and publishing video, though there are still some tricky bits and sacrifices that--in an ideal world--you wouldn't have to make. Wherever possible I've linked to the relevant bits in our new Theora manual for anyone who wants to learn more.

Playing Theora videos

For anyone who wants to play a Theora video on their desktop, there's always a simple answer: get VLC (the same answer to the question of how to play almost any format). Since the 1.0 release, VLC has almost 25 million downloads, so lots of people already have it. For GNU/Linux users, Theora playback should be included with almost every distribution. And of course, you can also just open the file with Icecat 3.5 or later, or any equivalent Gecko-based browser.

Video quality

Don't believe the FUD: the quality of Theora-encoded video for a given bitrate is excellent. While there are some reasons to consider h.264 to be technically superior, the difference for web-quality video just isn't noticeable. See for yourself, here and here.

Theora isn't ideal yet for HD video (something about the motion vector being too small) but the consensus was that this is very fixable. Also, for web video publishing, you can use a tool like Firefogg to go straight from your original video (in any format) to the smaller web version-- instead of transcoding once before upload and again on the site (like you would while publishing to sites like Dailymotion, Youtube, Vimeo or Blip.tv)

Video hosts

Most video publishers just want a place to put their video where they don't have to worry about formats, bandwidth, and hosting. And while Youtube doesn't support Ogg Theora yet, there are several smaller sites that do. See the Hosting Sites section in the Theora manual for an overview, or here's a quick list:

• Tinyvid - a simple video site with a Java-based fallback for non-Theora-capable browsers.
• Dailymotion - A huge video sharing site with Theora support (see: Theora support is a big deal).
• Archive.org - Encodes your video to various formats (including Theora) and stores it forever.
• Wikimedia Commons - Wikipedia's growing multimedia infrastructure.

So if you're looking for a quick way to post videos for distribution in Theora, there are some great options to choose from. Unfortunately, with the exception of Dailymotion, most of these sites do not have the large built-in audience or the advanced rating / sharing features of a site like Youtube. As advocates for free formats, we need to figure out how to push more large video sharing communities like Youtube to take the plunge (as Dailymotion already has) and offer videos in Theora.

Putting videos on your own site.

Now that HTML5 and Theora support in browsers has made video a "first class citizen of the web", it's easier than ever to post a video to your own site without relying on a middleman like Youtube. The Theora Cookbook includes an excellent overview of how to post videos using HTML5 and Theora. You can upload and display videos on your site just like images or HTML pages, but there are a few tricky parts:

Tricky part #1: Mimetypes.

Since the video tag is a new thing, your web host might not set the mime types correctly. One of the Theora developers at the event told me that, when somebody comes on the Theora IRC channel and says "Hey, I just posted a video and it doesn't work!" it's almost always a problem with mime types and headers. If your host isn't setting the mime types right, you either need to edit your .htaccess file or (if that's off limits) offer the videos using a PHP script. The Hosting Theora Yourself chapter describes both of these solutions in detail.

Tricky part #2: Allowing remote access or direct linking

Remember how sites used to (or sometimes still) get irritated when people link directly to their images? For better or worse, the HTML5 video spec defines a way to prevent this. So if you want people to be able to link directly to videos on your site, you need to enable it. See here for how to do this for all sites, or for specific sites.

Tricky part #3: Fallbacks for non-compatible browsers

Even before several browsers supported Theora natively, the free software community had a reliable (if slightly non-ideal) way to play Theora videos in the browser: the Cortado java applet. Now, Cortado is handy as a way to let all those weird IE and Safari users (at least the vast majority of them who have Java installed) watch the Theora videos you post to your site. The HTML5 Video chapter in the manual explains how to automatically fallback to Cortado for non-compatible browsers, and it includes sample code. The one major drawback of Cortado, which seems unavoidable, is the long loading time--your viewers will spend a good several seconds watching the Java teacup logo wondering why the video isn't playing. When using a Cortado fallback, it's probably best to include a link recommending a Theora-capable browser.

Making it easy for others to upload Theora.

If you're running a video host or some kind of community video site, you will need a way for people to upload Theora without necessarily knowing what Theora is. The standard way to do this is to allow uploads in any format and then transcode them all (like Youtube et al). The ffmpeg2theora tool will convert practically any video under the sun to a Theora video with the quality, bitrate, and other characteristics desired. Check out the ffmpeg2theora chapter in the manual for more on how to use it.

Firefogg--a browser extension for transcoding and uploading Theora videos--is another way to address the transcoding problem, and it has some unique advantages. Once users have installed Firefogg in their browser, sites can call it in their upload form. When users select a file, Firefogg will convert it to Theora as part of the upload process. With some extra configuration on the server side, Firefogg can even upload pieces of the file as it's doing the conversion to save time. Firefogg will also ensure that, if the connection goes down, the upload will resume as soon as the connection comes back.

Firefogg brings two important advantages. First, sites (or web applications like Wordpress) could rely on Firefogg instead of having to develop a transcoding system on the server side. Second, the video quality can be better, because the video only gets converted once (instead of twice-- once before upload, and once on the hosting site). The main disadvantage of Firefogg is that users need to install a browser extension. But perhaps someday Icecat itself could include this feature.

Conclusions

The push for free video formats is at an important moment: the necessary parts of an online video space based on free formats are in place, and it's all a matter of how we use them (and who uses them). Theora playback now has a mass user base: tons of people use VLC, and orders of magnitude more people use Gecko-based browsers. Anyone who wants to distribute their video on the web in a free format can upload it to Dailymotion, Tinyvid, or the Video Bay with minimal hassle. With Cortado, we have a fallback for people with older or non-compatible browsers that doesn't require non-free software or non-free formats. HTML5 and the video tag give developers new ways to manipulate video on the fly, setting the stage for entirely new kinds of interaction around video.

To me, the missing pieces seem to be in video publishing and general awareness. Specifically, we need:

More Theora support from video hosting sites So far, only one large video host supports Theora. The free software community needs to find effective ways to push Youtube, Facebook, Blip, Vimeo (as well as the large video advertising services) to run pilot projects and move towards full HTML5/Theora support.

A Theora upload plugin for popular free software publishing platforms If you could upload any video to web publishing systems like Wordpress using Firefogg, and automatically present it with a Cortado fallback, this would dramatically reduce the number of steps required to post a Theora video on your own site.

Effective evangelism We need organized ways that people can convince the sites they like to publish in free formats. We also need ways for sites that use free formats to declare their support for the cause, and make the social mission behind their decision visible to users.

The FSF will be working on all these angles and more as part of its PlayOgg campaign. If you'd like to help out, get on playogg-discuss. Or if you have any specific comments on this article, email me at holmes at fsf dot org. Finally, anyone looking to become an expert on Theora should check out FLOSS Manuals' Theora Cookbook. The event was a great experience and the end result is solid. If you like it, buy a copy!

Update and FAQ

This article spurred some excellent discussion on Digg, so I thought I'd include the highlights, and some of my responses in a mini-FAQ:

What about hardware acceleration for improved battery life on mobile devices?

Theora doesn't have that yet, but if it becomes a popular way to post videos to the web, it could happen soon. In the meantime I'm okay with putting a bigger battery in my phone to be able to watch videos in formats other than h.264.

Most of the cheap "MP4" players (aka the iPod of the developing world) now support the free audio format Ogg Vorbis. They don't even advertise it, but the one manufacturer that makes all the chips simply included Ogg Vorbis support. Hardware support will probably happen, it just takes a little while.

What about Dirac?

There are other important projects with similar goals, like Dirac, an effort spearheaded by the BBC. But the exciting thing about Theora is that it's here now, supported by popular tools, and ready for mass adoption.

We expect Ogg Theora to have its strength in online video distribution, whereas Dirac will most likely have its strength in high definition footage.

Didn't Google just buy a more advanced codec that it's going to offer as a free format?

That would be awesome, but it's not a good idea to base a free formats strategy on what Google might do.

Advocates for free formats aren't trying to privilege Theora over other free video formats. We're just trying to get a foothold with something that we have now, and that works now. If some better patent unencumbered format comes along, we'll rush to include that under the umbrella.

Dailymotion has transcoded over 300,000 videos to the free Ogg Theora format, which will play without the need for plugins in the latest free software web browsers. Dailymotion is among the world's largest video streaming sites, making this a major advance for Ogg Theora format,

The Free Software Foundation and its PlayOgg campaign welcomed the news, "A creative art such as video production that is dominated by proprietary software can limit freedom of expression," said FSF executive director Peter Brown, "Dailymotion's support for Ogg Theora will let videomakers reach a large audience without compromise or concern for their software freedom."

“Our users expect the best possible experience and we are excited to be supporting free software and standards,” said Sebastien Adgnot, lead developer of Dailymotion's new Theora-driven portal.

"This is a milestone for free standards and free formats," continued Brown, "Dailymotion has taken a strong stand in support of Ogg Theora, and they've demonstrated that you can deploy Theora video on a mass scale."

Theora ready for primetime

With the release of the new HTML5 specification and its support in new versions of popular web browsers, Ogg Theora is easier than ever to use. Over 22% of users have browsers that will play Theora, and video publishers can use Java-based fall-backs like the free software player Cortado to support the browsers that still lack built-in Theora support. It's hard to overstate the importance of this step by Dailymotion. But it's also part of a broad movement by video makers, web developers, and online video companies toward independence from proprietary software and non-free formats, a movement in which supporters of the FSF and its PlayOgg campaign have played--and will continue to play--a vital role.

Beyond Flash

One of the most exciting recent developments for free software in the online video realm is the "video tag." This new HTML5 standard lets web developers build new ways of interacting with video without the need for proprietary software like Flash (Gnash is great after all, but you shouldn't need a plugin to play a video). The video tag provides web developer flexibility such as the ability to control and modify videos on the fly using web standards like JavaScript and cascading style sheets (CSS).

Ahead of Youtube

Dailymotion has a history of supporting the free software community, and now they're the first major video sharing site to implement significant support for Theora (here's a full list). With their support for free video standards, Dailymotion has jumped ahead of industry giant YouTube. Google's recent purchase of On2 - the company behind many advanced proprietary video codecs - gives Google an opportunity to help the free software community by freely licensing additional codecs. But until that happens (and it may be far off) Youtube will depend on non-free formats like h264 and proprietary software like Flash--while Dailymotion lets you publish using free formats right now.